Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories. Catabolism breaks down organic matter, for example to harvest energy in cellular depression in animals Animals are a major group of mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia or Metazoa. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their life. Most animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently. All animals are also, characterized by lower body temperature, slower breathing, and lower metabolic rate. Hibernating animals conserve food, especially during winter when food is short, tapping energy reserves, body fat In histology, adipose tissue or body fat or just fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. It is technically composed of roughly only 80% fat; fat in its solitary state exists in the liver and muscles. Adipose tissue is derived from lipoblasts. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and, at a slow rate. It is the animal's slowed metabolic rate which leads to a reduction in body temperature and not the other way around.
Hibernation may last several days or weeks depending on species, ambient temperature, and time of year, and fur on the animal's body. The typical winter season for a hibernator is characterized by periods of hibernation interrupted by sporadic euthermic arousals wherein body temperature is restored to typical levels. There is a hypothesis that hibernators build a need for sleep during hibernation more slowly than normally, and must occasionally warm up in order to eat. This has been supported by some evidence in the arctic ground squirrel The ground squirrels are the members of the Sciuridae most closely related to the genus Marmota. They make up the tribe Marmotini in the large and mainly terrestrial squirrel subfamily Xerinae, and containing six living genera. Well-known members of this largely Holarctic group are the marmots , the susliks (Spermophilus), and the prairie dogs (.[1]
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Hibernating animals
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Animals that hibernate include bats Bats are flying mammals in the order Chiroptera . The forelimbs of bats are webbed and developed as wings, making them the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight. By contrast, other mammals said to fly, such as flying squirrels, gliding possums and colugos, glide rather than fly, and can only glide for short distances. Bats do, some species of ground squirrels The ground squirrels are the members of the Sciuridae most closely related to the genus Marmota. They make up the tribe Marmotini in the large and mainly terrestrial squirrel subfamily Xerinae, and containing six living genera. Well-known members of this largely Holarctic group are the marmots , the susliks (Spermophilus), and the prairie dogs ( and other rodents Rodentia is an order of mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must be kept short by gnawing, mouse lemurs The mouse lemurs are the lemurs of the genus Microcebus. Like all other lemurs, all species in this genus are native to Madagascar, the European Hedgehog The West European Hedgehog , or simply the European hedgehog, is a hedgehog species found throughout the Palaearctic region, except in the Himalayas and North Africa. It is not commonly found above 60°N in latitude, except for Finland, Sweden and the Northwestern-most parts of Russia and other insectivores An insectivore is a type of carnivore with a diet that consists chiefly of insects and similar small creatures. An alternate term is entomophage:455, which also refers to the human practice of eating insects, monotremes Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs (Prototheria) instead of giving birth to live young like marsupials (Metatheria) and placental mammals (Eutheria) and marsupials Marsupials are an infraclass of mammals, characterized by a distinctive pouch , in which females carry their young through early infancy. In modern times, they are well-known for being the dominant group of mammals in Australia, though there are also a number of species found in the Americas, as well as on the island of New Guinea. Even some rattlesnakes Rattlesnakes are a group of venomous snakes, genera Crotalus and Sistrurus. They belong to the subfamily of venomous snakes known as Crotalinae, such as the Western Diamondback Crotalus atrox is a venomous pitviper species found in the United States and Mexico. It is likely responsible for the majority of snakebite fatalities in northern Mexico and the second greatest number in the USA after C. adamanteus. No subspecies are currently recognized, are known to hibernate in caves every winter. Historically, Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus , better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an believed swallows The swallows and martins are a group of passerine birds in the family Hirundinidae which are characterised by their adaptation to aerial feeding. Swallow is used colloquially in Europe as a synonym for the Barn Swallow hibernated, and ornithologist Gilbert White White was born in his grandfather's vicarage at Selborne in Hampshire. He was educated by a private tutor in Basingstoke before going to Oriel College, Oxford. He obtained his deacon's orders in 1746, being fully ordained in 1749, and subsequently held several curacies in Hampshire and Wiltshire, including Selborne's neighbouring parishes of pointed to anecdotal evidence in The Natural History of Selborne that indicated as much. Birds typically do not hibernate, instead utilizing torpor Daily Torpor, sometimes called temporary hibernation is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually characterized by a reduced body temperature and rate of metabolism. Animals that go through torpor include birds (even tiny hummingbirds, notably Cypselomorphae) and some mammals such as mice, and bats. During the active part. However the Common Poorwill The Common Poorwill, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, is a nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars. It is found from British Columbia and southeastern Alberta, through the western United States to northern Mexico. The bird's habitat is dry, open areas with grasses or shrubs, and even stony desert slopes with very little vegetation does hibernate.[2] Many experts believe that the processes of daily torpor Daily Torpor, sometimes called temporary hibernation is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually characterized by a reduced body temperature and rate of metabolism. Animals that go through torpor include birds (even tiny hummingbirds, notably Cypselomorphae) and some mammals such as mice, and bats. During the active part and hibernation form a continuum.[citation needed]
One animal that some famously consider a hibernator is the bear Bears are mammals of the family Ursidae. Bears are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, with the pinnipeds being their closest living relatives. Although there are only eight living species of bear, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere, although bears do not go into "true hibernation".[3] During a bear's winter sleep state, the degree of metabolic depression is much less than that observed in smaller mammals. Many prefer to use the term "denning". The bear's body temperature remains relatively stable (depressed from 37 °C (99 °F) to approximately 31 °C (88 °F)) and it can be easily aroused. Some reptile species are said to brumate, or undergo brumation Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and physical activity is temporarily stopped. This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore helps an organism to conserve energy. Dormancy tends to be closely associated with environmental conditions. Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with their, but the connection to this phenomenon with hibernation is not clear.
Hibernating ground squirrels may have abdominal temperatures as low as 0 °C, maintaining sub-zero abdominal temperatures for more than three weeks at a time, although the temperatures at the head and neck remain at 0 C or above.[4] Before entering hibernation most species eat a large amount of food and store energy in fat deposits in order to survive the winter. Some species of mammals hibernate while gestating Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal. Mammals during pregnancy can have one or more gestations at the same time . The time interval of a gestation plus 2 weeks is called gestation period, and the length of time plus 2 weeks that the offspring have spent developing in the uterus is called gestational age young, which are born shortly after the mother stops hibernating.
Hibernating animals get their energy by a process known as gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids.[5]
For a couple of generations during the 20th century it was thought that basking sharks The basking shark is the second largest living shark, after the whale shark. It is a cosmopolitan species, found in all the world's temperate oceans. It is a slow moving and generally harmless filter feeder settled to the floor of the North Sea The North Sea is a marginal, epeiric sea on the European continental shelf. The Dover Strait and the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north connect it to the Atlantic Ocean. It is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, with an area of around 750,000 square kilometres (290,000 sq mi). A large part and hibernated; however, research by Dr David Sims in 2003 dispelled this hypothesis,[6] showing that the sharks actively traveled huge distances throughout the seasons, tracking the areas with the highest quantity of plankton.
The epaulette sharks The epaulette shark is a species of longtailed carpet shark, family Hemiscylliidae, found in shallow, tropical waters off Australia and New Guinea (and possibly elsewhere). The common name of this shark comes from the very large, white-margined black spot behind each pectoral fin, which are reminiscent of military epaulettes. A small species have been documented to be able to survive for long periods of time without oxygen, even being left high and dry, and at temperatures of up to 26 °C (79 °F).[7] Other animals able to survive long periods without oxygen include the goldfish The goldfish is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae of order Cypriniformes. It was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is one of the most commonly kept aquarium fish, the red-eared slider The Red-Eared Slider , known commonly in the UK as the Red-Eared Terrapin, is a semi-aquatic turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. It is a subspecies of Pond Slider. It is a native of the southern United States, but has become common in various areas of the world due to the pet trade. They are very popular pets in the United States, the turtle, the wood frog Wood frog is the common name given to Rana sylvatica. The wood frog has a broad North American distribution, extending from the southern Appalachians to the boreal forest, and the bar-headed goose The Bar-headed Goose is a goose which breeds in Central Asia in colonies of thousands near mountain lakes. It lays three to eight eggs at a time in a ground nest.[8]
Until recently no primate A primate is a member of the biological order Primates (/praɪˈmeɪtiːz/ prī·mā′·tēz; Latin: "prime, first rank"), the group that contains prosimians (including lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsiers ) and simians (monkeys and apes). With the exception of humans, who inhabit every continent on Earth,[a] most primates live in, and no tropical The tropics is a region of the Earth by the Equator. It is limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23° 26′ 16″ N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at 23° 26′ 16″ ( or 23.438° ) S. The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone (see mammal Mammals are a class of vertebrate, air-breathing animals whose females are characterized by the possession of mammary glands while both males and females are characterized by hair and/or fur, three middle ear bones used in hearing, and a neocortex region in the brain. Some mammals have sweat glands, but most do not, was known to hibernate. However, animal physiologist Kathrin Dausmann of Philipps University of Marburg, Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state,, and coworkers presented evidence in the 24 June 2004 edition of Nature Nature is a prominent British scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869. It is the world's most highly cited interdisciplinary science journal. Most scientific journals are now highly specialized, and Nature is among the few journals that still publish original research articles across a wide range of scientific fields. There are many that the Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur The Fat-tailed Dwarf Lemur , or Lesser Dwarf Lemur, is one of the smallest primates. It is endemic to Madagascar of Madagascar hibernates in tree holes for seven months of the year. This is interesting because Malagasy Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world winter temperatures sometimes rise to over 30 °C (86 °F), so hibernation is not exclusively an adaptation to low ambient temperatures. The hibernation of this lemur is strongly dependent on the thermal behavior of its tree hole: if the hole is poorly insulated, the lemur's body temperature fluctuates widely, passively following the ambient temperature; if well insulated, the body temperature stays fairly constant and the animal undergoes regular spells of arousal. Dausmann found that hypometabolism in hibernating animals is not necessarily coupled to a low body temperature.
Noise and vibration from snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles An all-terrain vehicle , also known as a quad, quad bike, three wheeler, or four wheeler, is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a vehicle that travels on low pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for steering control. As the name implies, it is designed to handle a wider (ATV) and the like is said to sometimes awaken hibernating animals, who may suffer severely or die as a result of premature awakening in times of food shortage.[citation needed] However, many hibernators can return to hibernation after awakening, and deep hibernators in fact awaken many times throughout the hibernation season in what are called interbout arousals.
Artificial hibernation
See also: Suspended animation Suspended animation is the slowing of life processes by external means without termination. Breathing, heartbeat, and other involuntary functions may still occur, but they can only be detected by artificial means. Extreme cold can be used to precipitate the slowing of an individual's functions; use of this process has led to the developing scienceThere are many research projects currently investigating how to achieve "induced hibernation" in humans.[9][10] The ability for humans to hibernate would be useful for a number of reasons, such as saving the lives of seriously ill or injured people by temporarily putting them in a state of hibernation until treatment can be given (compare induced coma A barbiturate-induced coma, or barb coma, is a temporary coma brought on by a controlled dose of a barbiturate drug, usually pentobarbital or thiopental. Barbiturate comas are used to protect the brain during major neurosurgery, and as a last line of treatment in certain cases of status epilepticus that have not responded to other treatments). NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006 NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and is also interested in possibly putting astronauts in hibernation for very long space journeys.
See also
- Hibernation induction trigger
- Sleep (non-human) Sleep in non-human animals refers to how the behavioral and physiological state of sleep, mainly characterized by reversible unconsciousness, non-responsiveness to external stimuli, and motor passivity, appears in different categories of animals
- Cryobiology Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words "cryo" = cold, "bios" = life, and "logos" = science. In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological material or systems at temperatures below normal. Materials
- Estivation Estivation or aestivation , also known as "summer sleep", is a state of animal dormancy somewhat similar to hibernation. It takes place during times of heat and dryness, the hot dry season, which is often but not inevitably the summer months
References
- ^ Daan S, Barnes BM, Strijkstra AM (1991). "Warming up for sleep? Ground squirrels sleep during arousals from hibernation". Neurosci. Lett. 128 (2): 265–8. doi A digital object identifier is a character string used to uniquely identify an electronic document or other object. Metadata about the object is stored in association with the DOI name and this metadata may include a location, such as a URL, where the object can be found. The DOI for a document is permanent, whereas its location and other metadata:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90276-Y. PMID A PMID is a unique number assigned to each PubMed citation of life sciences and biomedical scientific journal articles. The related Pubmed Central archive may additionally assign a separate number, a PMCID (PubMed Central Identifier), normally written with a PMC prefix 1945046. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0304-3940(91)90276-Y.
- ^ Jaeger, E.C. 1948. "Does the poorwill hibernate?" Condor 50:45-46.
- ^ Secrets of Hibernation; nova, pbs.org
- ^ Barnes, Brian M. (30 June 1989). "Freeze Avoidance in a Mammal: Body Temperatures Below 0 °C in an Arctic Hibernator" (PDF). Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 244: 1521–1616. http://users.iab.uaf.edu/~brian_barnes/publications/1989barnes.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
- ^ Davis WL et al Biochim Biophys Acta 1990;1051:276-8
- ^ "Seasonal movements and behavior of basking sharks from archival tagging". Marine Ecology Progress Series (248): 187–196. 2003.
- ^ "A Shark With an Amazing Party Trick". New Scientist 177 (2385): 46. 8 March 2003. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/sharks/innews/sharktrick2003.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
- ^ Breathless: A shark with an amazing party trick is teaching doctors how to protect the brains of stroke patients. Douglas Fox, New Scientist New Scientist is a weekly international science magazine and website covering recent developments in science and technology for a general English-speaking audience. Founded in 1956, it is published by Reed Business Information Ltd, a subsidiary of Reed Elsevier. Reed Elsevier acquired New Scientist when it took over IPC Magazines, retaining the vol 177 issue 2385 - 8 March 2003, page 46. Last accessed November 9, 2006.
- ^ Hibernation
- ^ Times Online
Further reading
- Carey, H.V., M.T. Andrews and S.L. Martin. 2003. Mammalian hibernation: cellular and molecular responses to depressed metabolism and low temperature. Physiological Reviews 83: 1153-1181.
External links
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hibernation |
- Do Black Bears Hibernate?
- Hibernation on Demand
- Freeze avoidance in a Mammal: Body Temperatures Below 0°C in an Arctic Hibernator
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Categories: Physiology | Winter | Ethology
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Thu, 03 Jun 2010 21:35:58 GMT+00:00
, officials urge caution OurayTalk The appearance of a young cub signifies the end of hibernation for most local bears, which typically become active in May or June, said Renzo Del Piccolo, ...
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Fri, 07 Aug 2009 14:57:36 GM
Disabling . hibernation. in Windows 7 and Windows vista by using command prompt. Remove hiberfil.sys and free your disk space.
Q. In computer terms, what's the difference between hibernation and sleeping? and which one saves more energy?
Asked by Totsie - Tue Feb 2 11:13:09 2010 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments
A. Technically most computers theoretically support six states, called S0, S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5. S0 is what you or I would call On, S5 is what we would call Off. Of the states in between one will be assign Sleep and another Hibernate. Normally Sleep is a mode in which the processor is powered down but the memory is still powered. Moving between S0 and Sleep should take moments, but power is still being used to power various bits and bobs around the machine. S4 is normally Hibernate in which the computer is all but powered off. This involves flushing memory out to disk and so moving between S0 and S4 can take a little while. Often machines are set to sleep after a short while and then hibernate a while later, if no activity has occurred.
Answered by WaMSie - Tue Feb 2 14:32:42 2010
